Linux Alliance

Archive for the ‘Operating Systems’ Category

Simply stated, a computer is anything that receives input then provides some type of output in a useful format. With this broad of a definition, mechanical computer examples have existed since the man first began recording his history. The first computers that were powered by electricity were developed around the 1940 to 1945 time span.

They were gigantic (the size of a large room) compared to what we know today. In fact, they consumed as much power as hundreds of current personal computers.

Modern computers run with integrated circuits. Integrated circuits are electronic circuits manufactured into a semiconductor like silicon. Especially as they have gotten smaller, they have revolutionized all of the electronic equipment used in the world today.

The circuits execute the computer’s instructions. The instructions are called a computer program. A computer program is a series of instructions written in source code (or a programming language) developed to perform a computer task. The tasks are executed from a central processor in the computer.

Source code is a gathering of statements written in a human-readable computer programming language. The source code is held in text files and stored in databases. The result is a collection of files that are necessary to convert the code from human-readable to a designated type of computer-executable form.

In the past, computer programs were manually input into the central processor using switches, paper tape or punched cards. After being loaded, the starting address was set and the execute button was pressed to begin processing.

In current situations, the computer programs are embedded right into the hardware. To begin working, primary computer programs stored in read-only memory need to boot-up. When your computer is booting, it is identifying and initializing all facets of the computer system including memory, controllers and CPU registers.

After that, the operating system is loaded and the computer starts its normal operations.

The Internet has certainly changed the way we distribute and access information. With all of the world’s greatest libraries, periodicals, museums and other sources of information available online, it’s hard to imagine a world where information isn’t just a click away. And while the way we transmit and receive information has changed in the last two decades, thanks to the Internet, perhaps what is equally significant is the way we interact socially.

Like all technology, the Internet has evolved over the years, and while its primary function remains as a means of finding information, the prevalence of online social networking, how it’s changed our society and the way we communicate has left an indelible imprint on who we are and the role the Internet has played in our lives.

Thanks to the Internet, we are now able to interact virtually with people from all over the globe. We can chat socially via instant message, send e-mails and make posts on blogs and websites. We can share photographs, videos and sound clips and truly open our lives up to the virtual world in ways that would have never been possible. Wherever you are, whatever your time zone, you can always reach out to a new friend online, or reconnect with an old friend.

Since the early 2000’s we have enjoyed all of the benefits of establishing online relationships and sharing our lives via social networking sites. Similar to getting information, adding a new friend to your roster is as simple as clicking a mouse. From there you can learn through words and pictures about the person’s family, their educational background, their hobbies, where they’ve been on vacation and so much more. Beyond establishing friendships, there are sites devoted to meeting significant others in order to spark romantic relationships and sites devoted to linking professionals to one another for purposes of business networking.

We can meet informally or formally online, conduct Web conferences and even draw up major business deals without ever leaving our computers. And as technology continues to evolve, it’s likely that the Internet will adapt to support future communication needs.

A lot of questions and concerns that arise regarding Linux and open source software center around its ability to run the things that users are familiar with. This is very true for gaming as over 200 million people worldwide play games online. Gamers have nothing to fear though as programs abound for open source gaming. For example, the WINE project and Cedega support Windows games on Linux.

But consider the Linux Gamers project that operates as a live distribution. It is comprised of 34 diverse free, open source games which run natively in Linux and put the player anywhere from behind the wheel of a race car to a billiards table. And it comes in four versions: Big ISO, Lite ISO, Big USB and Lite USB. The Big ISO burns to a live DVD that can just be inserted into your drive and get you playing. The distribution works very well with premier video cards and will set up open source drivers featuring 3D acceleration for others. Best yet, it doesn’t require any installation or reconfiguring of files.

On top of the assortment of fun games is a great selection of included tools; but keep in mind they come with the DVD format. From the makers of Firefox is the web browser Gran Paradiso. The network configuration tool Wicd is available for any need to alter your network settings. A handy sound volume tool, AlsaMixer, comes included as well. However, the most useful tool is the XChat IRC client. With many multi-player games, this tool becomes essential to arrange bouts with friends and to engage in the customary trash talk.

Lastly, the Linux Gamers project has the semblance of the desktop of an operating system with icons placed on menu bars represent the library of games. The native gaming experience in Linux can surely rival anything you’ve played before.

Individuals have moved on to smart-phones and texting, but talking is always a primary communication tool for businesses. Such is the reason most companies manage an office phone system. And while open source software has carved out a market in the computing industry, it also making a push as a major player in telephony. These phone systems can run on OSS and there are plenty of reasons to make the switch.

Based on the many advancements of open source software, from its operating systems to the popular web browsers like Firefox, it’s not hard to see why it has become a competitor in telephony. A 2008 survey from Gartner showed an increased rate of OSS items used for infrastructure, as well as for replacing proprietary products. The underlying theme is businesses, and their IT personnel, are not only more comfortable using OSS, but are actively implementing it.

Reasons to incorporate OSS to a company’s telephony are not hard to visualize. By placing the IP-based voice system on its LAN and/or WAN network, calls can be sent anywhere in the world to traveling employees because of the IP protocol. It also eliminates the need of two separate systems for voice and data. The savings are immense as maintenance and hardware upgrades are no longer required, nor the requirement of proprietary phone equipment. Additionally, the calls themselves, especially between divisions in separate geographical locations, are much lower. And don’t forget the dissolution of vendor lock-in practices.

The only basic requirements are finding a suitable OSS telephony provider and configuring the company’s infrastructure to the system. Supervision of the IP solution will eventually be handed over from provider to company giving it valuable control. Because the open system model of the Internet is always churning out new applications and OSS supports superior integration to future telephony technologies, it makes for an opportune switch for any business.

Approaches to saving or backing up data differ from user to user–some relying on external hard drives to safeguard everything and some just saving a file once. The issue most users opposed to storing all of their data is the relatively tedious nature of the task. Sorting data, deciding what files need to be backed up and which you can risk losing , plus what technology to do it all with, used to take time and patience. As proprietary technology has made advances to run tasks easier and more efficient, the same holds true for open source. Below is one easy way to back up your data in Linux.

A fast and basic tool to use is Backerupper; don’t let the name fool you, it’s legit. This open source software can readily be found online, downloaded and uncompressed onto your hard drive. After running the install script, which takes no time at all, enter the command sudo ./install.sh into the directory and you’ll be ready to store some data.

Start the program by using the command “backer” in your terminal window. The menu will pop up and don’t worry, navigating is straightforward. Begin by creating a profile by choosing what directories you need backed up and where you would like to place the corresponding files. All of the data will be saved as a compressed file to where you directed it. You can also designate a back up time–when you want it to be backed up–as well as the number of copies you would like to have stored. Feel free to make multiple profiles for individual directories.

Another great asset is its easy retrieval system. By selecting a profile it will quickly locate the archive. You can then direct it to restore the files wherever you would like. It may not be the most advanced, but it’s certainly that easy.

Linux

Linux fans are surely familiar with the technical advantages of the Linux desktop over the mainstream proprietary systems. But if you look beyond its sheer efficiency you will find it supports a great deal of open source applications that offer interaction, fun and entertainment just like well known proprietary programs. Following are five stimulating apps that can really measure up to the usual proprietary suspects.

Ekiga
Besides email and social media apps, one of the most popular forms of interacting online is the video conferencing program Skype. While Skype’s popularity is hard to match, the Linux friendly version Ekiga is comparable in ability. Encompassing SIP calling, LAN chatting choices and the previously mentioned video conferencing, it is arguably the top open source program of its kind.

GIMP
For the design professionals and creative types, the photo editor of choice has been the proprietary application Photoshop. Understandably, it can be difficult to make a change from a program you’re comfortable with. GIMP, however, is worth a shot. Already known among most Linux users, GIMP is easy to use and very similar to Photoshop in its ability to create and manipulate images.

Scribus
Although it might take a little learning, Scribus is a desktop publishing application that has advantages over its proprietary kin like Pagemaker and InDesign. Files made in Scribus use open standards and work created in it can easily be imported and exported across different platforms. And why not put together newsletters and other publications for free?

OpenShot
Video editing software has now become a standard app for a lot of proprietary operating systems, and its no different with Linux. In fact, there are a lot of Linux video editors out there, but many are inefficient. OpenShot on the other hand is easy to use and comes with more advanced editing capabilities from audio and video effects to video transitions and clippings. A novice or expert will find a happy medium.

VLC Media Player
But if you would rather watch a video rather make one, VLC Media Player would be an excellent choice. This video viewing app can smoothly play just about any video format and stream video, as well as re-encode video.

Identity theft is on the rise and 71% of all fraud occurs within a week of the theft. Online identity theft accounts for 11% of all identity theft, so it is a good idea to protect your computer, your internet connection and your personal information. Antivirus software will scan your computer and incoming email messages for viruses and will delete them before they cause any damage to your computer, use your email address for spam messages or before spyware and malware are installed.

For optimum computer security there are a few steps you should take besides installing a good antivirus software. First, buy a computer with a good firewall or purchase firewall software that will protect your computer. While many computers come with a firewall already installed, most are not activated. Be sure that your firewall is properly activated before using your computer.

Second, be very wary of who you give your information to. There are scams called phishing scams in which a criminal will pose as a company such as a bank and ask for personal information like your social security number, account numbers and PIN’s. Most authentic banks will not send you emails asking for this information.

Third, don’t open unsolicited emails or attachments. They may contain viruses. Also, watch your Internet surfing activity. Many unscrupulous sites will attach spyware or viruses to your computer as you tour their site. Online gamers must be especially vigilant and should purchase special antivirus software made exclusively for online gamers.

Your antivirus software should come with a daily update system. You should run this update regularly as new viruses and bugs come online every day. Your antivirus software will update itself with the proper antidotes to those bugs. Don’t become another identity theft statistic by protecting yourself with antivirus software today.

Built on the Debian GNU/Linux distribution and packaged with a spectrum of proprietary software Ubuntu has become one of the most popular open source software systems around the world. Although designed for its user-friendliness, the cool features of the Ubuntu operating system may not be so obvious to some, especially new users. So, how can you better use it? Following are some neat tips that should have you running Ubuntu like a computing virtuoso.

1. Use GDebi for Package Installation
This GUI application allows you the ability to quickly install all your packages that you’ve downloaded manually. By using repositories, it can resolve dependencies without the hassle.

2. Change Command Techniques
There is more you can do with the change command (cd) than you thought. Quickly returning back to your home directory can be done by simply typing cd. And getting back to the previous directory before making a switch only takes the typing of cd – on your keyboard.

3. Swiftly End Processes With PKILL
Instead of applying multiple commands just to only end a process, use only the pkill command. By typing a process name after it, say Firefox for example, it will scour all processes for the corresponding name and immediately kill it.

4. Get Acclimated With Gnome Control Center
For those that are more comfortable using Windows, it is highly recommended to apply the gnome-control-center feature to configure Ubuntu like the standard control panel. It will certainly help you get acclimated much faster.

5. Clean Out Disk Space With Easy Commands
If are running low on disk space, there are a couple commands that can clear up to a gigabyte of valuable space. In a terminal window type: sudo apt-get autoremove. This deletes your redundant dependencies. Now try: sudo apt-get clean. The second command will discard unwanted cached package files.

6. Solve The Riddle of File Extensions Gone Missing
On occasion, you may run into the problem of files without their extensions labeled. This can leave you wondering what type of file it even is. Don’t worry, it isn’t your fault and there is a basic solution. Just use the file command by typing file with the file name afterwards.

The same technology used to create the popular open source Web browser Firefox has also given birth to some great software. From making films to organizing your desktop, the cool desktop programs available are diverse and can be found for a lot of uses. These ten applications are built off the Mozilla platform, and like Firefox, are free and easily downloaded.

Boxee
A perfect software application for cataloging all of your media is Boxee. All of it is placed in clean-looking and user-friendly menus with remote controls.

Buzzbird
To get the most out of your Twitter account, you may consider Buzzbird. Supporting the usual tweeting features without using another Web browser, it also can cull together conversations between users and boasts its very own URL shortening.

Celtx
Celtx screenplay word processor does more than just get your future film on a page. It includes tools to construct a storyboard, manage filming schedules, as well as collaborate online.

KompoZer
As a website editor KompoZer stands out for a couple of unique reasons. For one, it is very supportive of CSS unlike other applications. And it rocks a FTP tool for uploading pages right on to your server.

Kylo
Sure Kylo is a Web browser, but what makes it so cool is that it’s built for your TV! The entire interface–from menus to fonts–was developed to be seen on the on the big screen, at least as compared to your monitor.

Miro
The Miro media player is geared towards HD video and supports all kinds of file formats. It also operates as a sharing device for your own homemade content.

Songbird
For those looking for a substitute of iTunes will find the Songbird media player appropriate. It has the look and many of the same features.

Spicebird
Combining the convenience of a calendar and instant messaging, Spicebird is an email application that also uses various widgets to work as a digital planner and communication system.

Telekast
If you have been looking for a way to make your computer video presentations easier, Telekast acts as your very own teleprompter.

XULPlayer
Another beneficial media player is XULPlayer. Coming with a customizable interface, it converts video files to other formats and to play on other devices.

Chances are sometime during your computer’s lifespan it will encounter a problem, be it a virus or hardware malfunction. However, one issue that can be potentially devastating is the common crash. When your machine fails to boot, it can lead to lost data. But in the world of Linux, full of keen programming fanatics, of course there are some remedies to recover from those frustrating crashes with your data intact. Here are ten of the best:

Knoppix
Known for its data recovery prowess, Knoppix is a user-friendly Linux distribution that boasts a clean interface for simple transfer of data onto an external source by mounting a drive.

Trinity Rescue Kit
It almost seems to simple to be true. Place the Trinity Resuce Kit on a USB drive, boot your computer and let a powerful host of antivirus tools scan the mounted drives.

Avira AntiVir
Swift and steadfast, Avira AntiVir is a command-line antivirus tool with a graphical user interface that will get the job done.

GParted Live
Another Linux distribution, GParted Live allows the user to control partitions. It’s compatible with various file systems and is very portable as it can be run via USB drive or CD.

SystemRescueCD
Controlling partitions, recovering files, testing the hard-disk and formatting FTPs and disks are just some of the plentiful tasks the Linux rescue CD SystemRescueCD can accomplish.

Unbuntu Rescue Remix
As would be expected, Unbuntu Rescue Remix has an outstanding interface, but that’s not all. It can recover and save files and file systems over a whole range of operating systems and drives–even deleted files.

F-Secure Rescue CD
Molded after Knoppix, F-Secure Rescue CD will review the honesty of applications you have installed, as well as repair the effects of malware and has an exceptional data recovery.

Ddrescue
Seeing read errors? The Ddrescue Linux tool can salvage your data by copying it from one file block agent to another.

Safecopy
Like others, Safecopy can copy data, but this tool can also extract data from CDs in raw mode and implement system resets, plus run testing and benchmarking in bad media simulations.

Linux rescue mode
Coming in the form of a Linux boot CD, this mode lets you retain passwords and fix your boot loader, among other useful repairs.